2022

Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and Extrapolating the Capabilities of Language Models

Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, Abhishek Rao, Abu Awal Md Shoeb, Abubakar Abid, Adam Fisch, Adam R. Brown, Adam Santoro, Aman Gupta, Adria Garriga Alonso

citations

Cite Score

61

AI summary

This paper introduces BIG-bench, a diverse benchmark of 204 tasks from 132 institutions, to quantify and extrapolate the capabilities of language models across varying scales, revealing that larger models show improved performance and calibration but still lag human experts, with social bias increasing with scale in ambiguous contexts.

Main Contributions

  • Introduction of BIG-bench, a large-scale, extremely difficult, and diverse benchmark with 204 tasks from 450 authors across 132 institutions, focusing on tasks beyond current language model capabilities.
  • Evaluation of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench across various model sizes (millions to hundreds of billions of parameters).
  • Establishment of a human expert rater baseline for all tasks to provide a strong comparison for model performance.
  • Key findings that model performance and calibration improve with scale but remain poor compared to human performance, and that social bias generally increases with scale in ambiguous contexts.
  • Observation that sparse models offer performance benefits and that tasks exhibiting 'breakthrough' behavior often involve multiple steps or components, while 'linear' tasks are knowledge-based.

Abstract

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood develop- ment, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google- internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit "breakthrough" behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting.

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